Leadership Transformational And Transactional Leadership

Leadership-Transformational v. Transactional Devine and Winter (2012, p. 25) state, â€Å"there is nothing magical about leadership, and there is nothing magical about teaching it or learning it.† They go on to define leadership as the ability to influence those who work for you to want to accomplish and strive to reach organizational goals and objectives. Those who influence others must understand the theories of motivation so that these theories can be applied, communicated and taught in order to motivate followers (Devine and Winter, 2012). Different from supervision, leadership implores the desires of those around you to want to succeed in meeting a goal through you the leader’s motivational abilities. Two of the most widely accepted theories of leadership within the law enforcement community are transformational and transactional leadership which are defined as follows: Transactional Leadership Theory as defined by Deluga and Souza, (1991) suggests that leaders r eact to subordinates basic needs and the two are viewed as bargaining units where the power of the leader is gained through the exchange of work for pay or the mutual exchange of benefits between the two parties involved. However, Deluga and Souza (1991) also add that under the paramilitary structure of police agencies today, submission to rank, coupled with organizational culture may reduce the influence that subordinates may have in an upward motion on their superior officers. This theoryShow MoreRelatedTransformational And Transactional Leadership : Transformational Leadership1613 Words   |  7 Pages Transformational and transactional leadership are two forms of leaders that vary in traits and effectiveness within the business environment. In accordance to issues such as social corporate responsibility and dealing with the change of organisational structure within a business entity both forms of leadership provide different characteristics to provide varying results in dealing with these issues. Transformational and transactional leadership are polar opposites when it comes to the underlyingRead MoreTransformational And Transactional Leadership : Transformational Leadership1279 Words   |  6 PagesTransformational and Transactional leadership Mark Johnson American Public University Dr. Xiaodong Wu BUSN698 April 30, 2017 Abstract Proper management of institutions is the key to the success of such a firm. The kind of leadership being dispensed directly affects the motivation of employees and their productivity. The two most prominent kinds of leadership are transformational and transactional leadership. This article seeks to discuss the two kinds of leadership and eventually proposeRead MoreTransformational Leadership : Transformational And Transactional Leadership1468 Words   |  6 Pagesonline Oxford Dictionary, leadership is â€Å"the action of leading a group of people or an organization.† But what makes someone a leader? To put is simply, a leader is someone that motivates and inspires those around them to achieve a common goal or vision. That may sound fairly simple, but not everyone is a leader. And there are several different leadership styles to consider. The two most common styles are transformational and transactional leadership. Transformational leadership is generally definedRead MoreLeadership : Transformational Leadership And Transactional Leadership Essay1607 Words   |  7 PagesTheory Transformational Leadership Theory was introduced in 1978 by political sociologist James Mac Gregor Burns and expanded by industrial psychologist Dr. Bernard Bass. In this theory, Burns differentiated two styles of leadership: transformational leadership and transactional leadership. In transformational leadership, it is a process where both the leaders and the followers elevate motivation and morality. The transformational leaders pay attention to the needs and motives of followers and helpRead MoreTransformational And Transactional Leadership : Transformational Leadership1715 Words   |  7 PagesTransformational and Transactional Leadership Transformational leadership taps into the motives of followers in order to reach their goals, while transactional focuses on the exchanges that occur between leaders and followers (Northouse, 2013). The branches of the military in general would be considered transactional leadership organizations. This type of leadership encourages followers to perform tasks at a high level in order to achieve advancement or increase in pay or rank. Conversely, transformationalRead MoreLeadership : Transformational And Transactional Leadership2198 Words   |  9 PagesWithin an international organization, the choice of leadership is highly important to build a successful organization. There are two types of leadership, which includes transformational and transactional leadership. This essay will examine the advantages and disadvantages of transformational leadership and how Apple has used leadership to build a successful organization. Steve jobs, the former CEO of Apple Company, and a transformation al leader took a small computer company and transformed it intoRead MoreTransactional and Transformational Leadership2111 Words   |  9 PagesTRANSACTIONAL TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP Burns Theory of Transformational Transactional Leadership The idea of transformational leadership between leaders and followers was first developed by James McGregor Burns in 1978. He distinguishes between leaders who are, or attempt to be ethical and moral, and power wielders, who are not. In an essay 20 years later, Burns returns to this idea, arguing that: - ï  ¶ Transactional leaders, through their transactions, make use of modal valuesRead MoreTransactional and Transformational Leadership2126 Words   |  9 PagesTRANSACTIONAL TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP Burns Theory of Transformational Transactional Leadership The idea of transformational leadership between leaders and followers was first developed by James McGregor Burns in 1978. He distinguishes between leaders who are, or attempt to be ethical and moral, and power wielders, who are not. In an essay 20 years later, Burns returns to this idea, arguing that: - ï  ¶ Transactional leaders, through their transactions, make use of modal values suchRead MoreTransactional and Transformational Leadership1913 Words   |  8 PagesYuan Ye (Carol) IBT07148 Transactional and Transformational Leadership [pic][pic] To: Nour Akalay Management June , 2008 Transactional and Transformational Leadership Leadership has been an important topic in the social sciences for many years. Recently, renewed interest in the concept of leadership has been aroused. â€Å"The resurgence of interest in studying the topic of leadership appears to be accompanied by an acceptance of the distinctionRead MoreTransactional And Transformational Leadership : A Transformational Leader1149 Words   |  5 PagesTransactional and Transformational Leadership For this paper, we were asked if we saw ourselves as a transactional leader or a transformational leader. This was a tough question. When I held managerial positions, I would not have my worker do anything I would not do. I would work beside my workers and encourage them along with overseeing their work. Overall I feel I am a mixture of both leader styles. I will discuss why below. Transactional Versus Transformational Transactional and transformational

Video Game Violence The Cause Of Violent Video Games

The Chapter 12 Social Psychology article mentioned that the cause of violent video games became an issue for public debate after teenagers and the main cause of this is the parallel effect. Based on the Studies done for violent video games correspond with individuals having violent acts. Also, young adolescents reveal that those who play a lot of violent video games become more aggressive and see the world as more hostile. The article also revealed that this acts would be a coincidence or a cause from playing violent videos. Additionally, researchers believe that the more active participation and rewarded violence of game play, violent video games have even greater effects on aggressive behavior and cognition than do violent TV shows and†¦show more content†¦The violent video game literature was not sufficiently large for Anderson and Bushman. All studies regardless of methodological features could bias the results in either a positive or negative direction, depending on whe ther the weaker studies tended to give spuriously positive or negative results. Furthermore, there are very serious methodological problems with some video game studies, especially some of the earlier ones conducted with children. Relevant studies were those that included data testing a possible link between exposure to violent video games and one of five types of outcome variable: aggressive behavior (defined as behavior intended to harm another person), aggressive cognition, aggressive affect, helping behavior, and physiological arousal. The journal article provides the strengthens and weaknesses behind the idea that violent video games can cause an individual to act aggressively and violent to the extremes of harming someone else. It continued to talk about the different perspectives and how to view this situation. For example: it mentions the methodological aspect in order this topic. Samples were tested and they were three different valid measures pf aggressive behavior so it was breaking each component from the original idea of violent video games can provoke someone to act aggressively.Show MoreRelatedViolent Video Games Cause Violence : Cause Of Violence And Video Games1377 Words   |  6 PagesLit. 27 November 2017 The Blame Game Statistically, 2017 has become the year with second lowest crimes rates since 1990, assuming there isn’t a big resurgence in violent crime between now and the end of the year (Bump). However, violent crimes continue to be a problem in modern-day America. Many have sought out to find out the root of these crimes and what causes them, and as a result, many different things have been cited as a cause for violence. Violent video games are said to be a possible sourceRead MoreViolent Video Games Cause Violence843 Words   |  4 PagesVideo games have been around for half a century when, the first simple tennis game was designed by William Higinbotham in 1958. Since then, video games have gotten more in depth, with better graphics and more options which include violent video games. Violent videos have gotten more popular with a better amount of variety including the franchise of Call of Duty, Battlefield, and Grand Theft Auto. These are the most common and popular video games and because of the violence in them debate has startedRead MoreViolent Video Games Cause Violence1906 Words   |  8 PagesEver since he started playing video games, like Call of Duty. Violent video games have been a battle that my family has been fighting for a few years now. My brother, started out small, playing Nintendo games and simple games like Crash. However, my brother has always had a slight anger management problem and even with easygoing games, he became furious when he lost. Because he has lofty dreams of winning every game possible, he will not stop. Now, with video games, like Call of Duty and God of WarRead MoreEssay on Violent Video Games Cause Violence? 1170 Words   |  5 Pagesand aggression is everywhere; in magazines, in the shops, on the TV, on websites like YouTube as well as in video games. Yet, why is it that those video games are assumed to be the biggest media source responsible for the violent outbursts of different individuals? Is this really the case? E very eight out of ten homes in the United Kingdom own a existing generation games console and video games have become a extraordinary source of education when helping kids to learn, such websites like educationcityRead MoreViolent Video Games Cause Youth Violence2030 Words   |  9 PagesVideo games have become increasingly popular among people of various ages. The more technology advances the more appealing video games seem to get with high definition graphics and better storylines. The first video game ever made was back in 1958, it was played on a Brookhaven National Laboratory oscilloscope, and it doesn’t hold a candle to the video games of today (Bellis par. 2). Video games have gone from big-chunky complicated systems to little-compact systems of entertainment. After the firstRead MoreViolent Video Games Do Not Cause Violence And Aggression1527 Words   |  7 PagesViolent Video Games Over the past few years, the United States has seen violence that has come from the inside of the country. Various high schools, have had shootings inside of them from some of the high school students that go to that specific school. Some experts blame the shootings by categorizing the students as someone who has been tormented and bullied basically most of life, while other experts believe the shootings were caused by the violence in video games. There has been a lot of nation-wideRead More Violent Video Games Do Not Cause Violence Essay3060 Words   |  13 Pages Do violent video games increase aggression in the people who play them? If so then video games could be responsible for much of the bad news we hear on television. Are video games responsible for school shootings? Do producers of video games need to tone down the violence? What will happen if video games become more and more violent and realistic? On the other hand, are video games to blame at all for the increase of violence in kids? When violence in video games started to increase, peopleRead MoreViolent Video Games Do NOT Cause Violence Essay1827 Words   |  8 Pagesblame video games as the target and cause of many shootings that have occurred, ever since Columbine and Quake. People have been blaming video games for violence for years now, ever since violent video games have been made. News reports blame video games more and more for each shooting, telling the public how this person played video games for x amount of hours a day, and that video games caused him or her to shoot people, and how video games encourage and reward violence. Anti-video game lobbyistsRead MoreViolent Video Games Cause Increased Violence Essay1855 Words   |  8 Pagesobjective of video games is to entertain people by surprising them with new experiences.† (Shigeru Miyamoto) Shigeru Miyamoto is the creator of some of gaming’s most iconic video game characters, Mario Jumpman Mario, Link and Donkey Kong; while also, serving as co-Representative Director of the game company, Nintendo and is highly respected. Miyamoto, based on the quote provided, feels that video games are meant to entertain people and nothing more. However, many people feel as though video games only causeRead MoreViolent Video games cause violence? I Think Not.1056 Words   |  5 PagesViolence is everywhere, in magazines in the shops, on the TV, on websites like YouTube as well as in video games. Yet, why is it that those video games are said to be the biggest media source responsible for the violent outbursts of different individuals? Is this really the case? Every eight out of ten homes in the United Kingdom own a current generation games console and video games have become a fantastic source of education when helping kids to learn, such websites like educationcity.com or the

Chinese and Australian Consumer Behaviour Free Essays

These advantages can be gained through understanding what needs the Chinese place the cost Importance on In regards to the hierarchy and what type of brand personality can be created to most effectively target the Chinese market. Introduction: Cross Culture Analysis A cross-cultural study is a beneficial tool undertaken to effectively understand the foreign countries involved In exchanging goods Internationally. Marketers evidently desire to efficiently export large measures of goods and services to various developed countries. We will write a custom essay sample on Chinese and Australian Consumer Behaviour or any similar topic only for you Order Now If the complex procedure of understanding the major alterations between China’s and Australia’s consumer behavior is effectively established; a result of costive outlooks and increased brand recognition will be identified. According to the Australian Embassy, ‘China is Australia’s largest trading partner’ thus allowing a beneficial exposure for further acknowledgment and marketing opportunities for an Australian exporter. China may be classified as a ‘collectivist culture’ (Horn, Merritt, Sun 2004). Collectivist cultures are defined by their ability to malignant strong connections within their groups and in order to belong, individuals are strongly influenced by other peers or family members to follow similarities within one society (Horn, Merritt, Sun 2004). They display a high need for social recognition and status and consume goods to communicate a symbolic expression of their status and prestige (Clans, Gambler, 2003). For example, the Chinese drink wine on special occasions to belong, but also to stress their status and prestige (Lulu, Murphy, 2007). As an exporting opportunity Australian marketers can capitalist on this by emphasizing their wine products to be a sign of prestige to target the Chinese collectivist culture. Australia on the other hand is viewed to have deferent cultural beliefs; the nation is ‘defined as a strongly individualistic culture’. This means individuals within Australia desire to express their unique traits with a minimum influence by others (Lee, Askance 2000) which Is In opposition to the Chinese. As an Individualistic culture, Australia has a greater tendency to be self-enhancing than collectivist cultures, and associates achievement with the individual rather than the group (which is typical of the Chinese culture) (Nevis 1983). Although these two countries have strong dissimilarities, marketers must take into account Australia’s and China’s similarities in consumer behavior, as there might be potential for an Australian exporter to succeed. Although In order to satisfactorily establish exporting analysis between the countries consumer behavior characteristics. The various differences in culture and personality must be used adequately to capture the target audience. Moscow Hierarchy of Needs and Consumer Behavior Mascots Hierarchy of Human Needs is a classification of five basic human needs ranking in order of most important to least important. The first is physiological, which includes the need for food and water, followed by safety and security need (protection, stability), social needs (friendship and belonging), ego needs (status, restive) and self actualization (self-fulfillment) as the final need (Bedlam et al. 2010). This hierarchy can be applied to goods and services in determining what level of needs they satisfy and help marketers segment the on a needs basis. Most people in society express these needs, though in slightly different ways. Most needs could be classified under this hierarchy which makes it useful for marketers when segmenting (Bedlam et al. 2010). The theory of the hierarchy states that once lower levels needs â€Å"are satisfied, again new (and still ‘higher’) needs emerge†¦ † To be fulfilled (Moscow, 943 p. 375). Which means that it is only once lower needs are satisfied, do higher needs emerge to be fulfilled (Bedlam et al. 010). For consumers this means that they will only buy products to fulfill higher needs once their lower needs have been satisfied. For marketers this becomes important when positioning on a needs basis as the demographics of the country may not allow those people to fulfill their higher social needs if their basic physiological nee ds aren’t being met. Or it may mean that only a small percentage of the population would be marketable to if they hold most f the wealth of the country. Importantly if marketers design a product to meet the perceived needs of consumers, consumers are more likely to choose that product over competitors. In this way the needs hierarchy can be used as a basis on which to build the benefits the product can offer to the consumer, through fulfilling a need, making it more likely they will consume that product over competitors. Marketers can also bring about the arousal of needs through advertising, and the product they are trying to sell can become the consumer’s goal specific product (Bedlam et al. 2010). This is ultimately the aim of the product. Therefore an understanding of Mascots hierarchy is important when segmenting the market. It can allow marketers to position to a segment on a needs basis and even create the arousal of need, of which the product can become a product specific goal. The Effect of Culture on Mascots Hierarchy of Needs As was described earlier, in the previous section, Mascots Hierarchy of Needs identifies the five basic levels of human needs. While generally accepted because it reflects the needs of most people in an individualistic society, it cannot be applied to all cultures. This is because despite the fact that most people express primary or physiological needs, acquired needs are leant in response to ones culture (Bedlam et al. 010). The Chinese and Australians will therefore place their needs with differing important to marketers when considering which needs basis to segment on. According to Nevis (1983), Mascots Hierarchy of needs is a reflection of an individualistic culture such as Australia and America, and therefore can’t be applied to the Collectivist Chinese culture. Ne vis (1983) proposes the Chinese culture subverts the traditional model by placing belongingness as the first basic need, allowed by physiological, safety needs and self-actualization in service of society at the top. This new hierarchy reflects the collectivist traits of the Chinese culture; high family and group orientation (Cyanic, Gambler, 2003), the expression of self as part of a group (brother, father, son, husband but never as ‘self’) and gaining meaning through interaction with society. Belonging is therefore the basis of the Chinese society (Nevis 1983). For marketers this means positioning products in relation to the products acceptance by the targeted consumers social and family groups. This is an important approach to take regardless of what needs basis is segmented, as Chinese consumers will look to their social groups for guidance when buying a product rather than the offers and benefits presented to them before purchasing (Ability, Frank, Anemia, Achievement 2011). This is reflected in the pup commercial targeted at the Chinese consumer (See appendix 1). While the drink is targeting a psychological need in Mascots Hierarchy, a large part of the ad focuses on the acceptance of the drink by the family, which is reflecting the importance of family orientation to the Chinese nonuser and their need for belongingness. While the Chinese have self- actualization at the top like individualistic cultures, they differ to Australia, in that they fulfill this need through their success as being part of a group as opposed to being recognized individually (Cyanic, Gambler, 2003). This is echoed in their low individualism score of 20. Australia on the other hand has an individualism score of 90 and is reflected in its beliefs that an achieved goal is the result of the individual. Chinese culture also has a high degree of face, which is evident in the subverted Hierarchy. Consumption in China has a strong social association because of its high degree of â€Å"face†; whereby Chinese consumers fulfill their needs through â€Å"placing more emphasis on publicly visible possessions†¦ † (ABA, Us, Chou, 2003, p. 737). This socio-cultural characteristic reflects the need for belongingness and acceptance by social and family groups. Furthermore, high face also means Chinese consumers are more likely to buy luxury products as a symbol of social status, and prestige of the family, rather than an expression of self as is common in individualistic societies such as Australia (Cyanic, Gambler, 2003). High face suggests a larger social need and indicates reference group influence is much larger in collectivist cultures than individualistic cultures, and this supports the subverted Hierarchy model with belongingness as the first need for the Chinese Collectivist culture (ABA, et al. 2003). The implications of this for marketers when exporting means centering products on their acceptance by the target market reference groups when segmenting on a needs basis. Positioning to the Chinese on product benefits is less important as they are more likely to look to the group when buying a product than the benefits it provides Cyanic, Gambler, 2003). Overall for marketers, understanding how culture affects the Hierarchy of needs is detrimental when positioning as not all cultures place the same emphasis on the same needs. â€Å"Brand personality is an association of a brand whereby it is imbued with human-like personality traits† (Bedlam et al. 2010 p. 108). Human personality traits are developed on the basis of an individuals behaviors, characteristics, beliefs, and demographic characteristics. However, brand personality traits are formed and influence by the consumers interaction with the brand, the culture from which the consumer comes long with the way that the marketers attempt to portray the brand in the eyes of its consumers (Luau, Papua 2001). For marketers, the aim of creating a brand personality is to create an identity to which consumers can respond emotionally positively towards, and to extend themselves through the brand (Bedlam et al. 2010). If the brand closely reflects the personality of the consumer, they are more likely to respond positively towards that brand and buy from it (Wee, 2003). By extension, brand personality can be seen as a reflection of the cultures in which the brand is surrounded by (Gerhardt, Houston 2001). For example, the Chinese place emphasis on harmony and relationships (Nevis 1983) and this in tern is reflected in the brand personalities aimed at the Chinese. When Audio marketed their brand to China in a TV commercial (See Appendix 2) the car isn’t shown until the very end of the ad, until after several happy relationships have been shown. The aim was to try and make a connection between the car and the relationships it allows people to have, creating a brand image of relationships and connectedness. Chinese brand personalities, which keep in consistency with heir cultural collectivist traits, tend to portray belongingness and the brand as an avenue to express their acceptance by society and group members (Luau, Papua 2001). Whereas in the Individualistic culture of Australia, brand image is much more likely to take on an individualistic approach as Australian consumers are more likely to â€Å"purchase brands they deem suitable for themselves†¦ † (Lam, Lee, 2005 p. 165). As a result Australian brand images take on a self-centered approach that stress sophistication and express the persons personality rather than acceptance by the group. Consumers in individualistic cultures are also less likely to switch brands (Lam, Lee 2005). This could be due to personality being relatively stable (Bedlam et al. 2010), so Australians are expected to keep expressing themselves through the same brand that matches their personality. Yet fashion and status are constantly changing within groups, so collectivist consumers (such as the Chinese) are more likely to switch brands to belong to the changing influences of their peer groups. (Luau, Papua 2001). For marketers this means creating a brand personality for collectivist cultures hat are primarily fashionable and seen as acceptable by the consumers peer groups, while in individualistic cultures the brand personality must align with the personality of the consumer to be received positively. This idea of brand personality influenced by culture is vital for marketers to position their product in the eyes of consumers. If a consumer associates a product in a different light to the way the marketers are promoting it, it can have detrimental effects towards the longevity of the good. Subsequently, the opposite can happen, whereby the consumers take a greater liking o the good, and increasing the marketability of the product. Global branding brings forth an exposure to an increasingly culturally-diverse audience. In order for Australian marketers to understand the distinctly unique dimensions of brand personality in the Chinese market, it is vital to consider the socio-cultural characteristics that underpin Chinese consumer behavior and preferences. Chant, Saunders, Taylor and SHCOON (2003 p. ) note that â€Å"consumers seek brands with congruent personalities (to their own), and use brands’ personality to define their sense of self†. Furthermore, these unique needs of consumers and owe they identify, relate, and associate themselves to brand personalities; alongside the inextricably linked pressures of economic, lifestyle and cultural conditions, must be considered collectively in order for marketers to successfully market their firm’s offeri ngs (Bedlam et al. 2010). Hefted (2001) puts forth that the dimensions of China’s cultural differences are shown by a high degree of long-term orientation and collectivism. Unlike individualistic societies such as Australia, collectivist cultures support and adhere to standards and consumption decisions on a group axis (family, extended family, network of friends and community); in effect, providing the framework within which Chinese individuals and households function. Confucianism, the dominant philosophical influence in China, is an ideology that reiterates this collective nature, as well as the importance of these interpersonal relationships and interactions, the notion of â€Å"face†, and the concept of hierarchy. In addition, education level, sex, age and standard of living all influence how foreign brands are perceived in the Chinese market (Chin (3)). A recent study conducted by Chug and Sung (201 1), identified a six dimensional framework of brand rationalities present in China. They consisted of ‘Competence, Excitement, and Sophistication’ (Chug, Sung, 2001 p. L); notions matching with those found in individualistic societies like Australia, and culture-specific dimensions such as ‘Traditionalism, Joyfulness, and Trendiest’. Through this research, Chug and Sung (2011) demonstrate that through establishing a Chinese brand personality structure marketers are able to identify the coexistence of both Chinese traditionalism and the implementations of Western modernization on cultural values in modern China. This means that in the past three decades, the Chinese market has increasingly opened p to the West, in a way that does not conflict with deeply rooted cultural norms. This notion is reflected in the consumer behavior of today’s â€Å"young middle-class aspiring Chinese consumers; whom are increasingly becoming the most affluent consumer class in china† (Powel, 2011 p. 40). Powel (2011) proposes â€Å"Mr.. And Mrs.. Middle Class† are increasingly extending their brand preferences as a result of breaking down the barriers between cultures. However, cultural transitions are not intended to comply with Confucianism, rather, the role of brand personality becomes an avenue to express wealth, success, youth and the â€Å"modernity of institution†¦ (Chin (3) p. 8). It is through these cultural characteristics and ties with economic and social factors, that perceptions towards brand personality exists among consumers from a society that is more culturally conditioned. In order to maximize exporting opportunities, adaptation is a necessity. Successful brands have philosophy; a shift from the traditional marketing concept to the mo re appropriate conceptualization of societal marketing (Bedlam et al. 2010). Unlike Australians whom project high levels of uniqueness and individuality in their consumption patterns, Chinese consumers rely on the importance of social interaction in making consumer based decisions. â€Å"It is assumed that the recommendations and comments from others play a very important role in the choice of brand† (Chin (3) p. 7). This notion is reflected in the Chinese commercial for milk (See Appendix 3) where it can be seen that the reciprocity of and importance of trust-based interpersonal relationships is highlighted. Set in a time in Chinese history where many could not afford to drink milk every day, the positioning of brother and sister, over the course of time, provides depiction of milk as a commodity of value of which one should be grateful to have. Years later when the young boy grows up, he realizes that his sister was only pretending to dislike milk so that she could give it to him. As a result, he vows to provide milk for the well-being of his future family. This ad highlights the need for marketers to show the Chinese consumers that the brand is a part of their relationships with others in order for the brand to be received positively. This is because, as the ad depicts, belonging and relationships is central to the Chinese. The societal marketing concept takes into account the importance of adopting a long-term outlook, that â€Å"all companies would be better in a stronger, healthier society and that companies that incorporate ethical behavior and social responsibility in their business dealings will attract and maintain loyal customer support over the long term† (Bedlam et al. 010, p. 17). It is through adopting accordingly to these sensitive cultural subtleties that provides an opportunity for brands to tailor their marketing mix strategies to realize the best and most effective ways that meets their needs as ell as adequately adopting brand elements (images, advertising etc. ) that appeal to, relate and reflecting the consum er preferences of the Chinese market. Conclusion Overall it is detrimental for marketers to understand how Mascots Hierarchy and Brand Personality differs between Australia and China. Without an understanding of how Mascots Hierarchy is subverted by different cultures, marketers would miss the opportunity to position based on what different cultures base as their most intrinsic need. Without an understanding of culture and how it affects brand personality, arresters may not integrate a brand to be adopted positively by a different culture. In order for marketers to export successfully, they need to adapt their marketing approaches to take into account these differences caused by the different cultures, therefore an understanding of both these concepts and how they are affected by culture is vitally important. How to cite Chinese and Australian Consumer Behaviour, Papers

Tourism in Bali free essay sample

However, Bali s tourism development occurred quickly and without proper planning. Therefore, tourism has caused some serious damage to the islands environment. As one example, the sleepy village of Kuta became a tourist enclave, with its natural resources degraded and its infrastructure overwhelmed. This paper will discuss the origins of tourism in Bali and how it has affected the islands environment. It also will discuss proposed alternatives to let tourism and the environment coexist in a more balanced fashion. Description Mass tourism in Bali began in 1969 with the construction of the new Ngurah Rai International Airport, allowing foreign flights directly into the island, rather than arrival via Jakarta. Three years later, in 1972, the Master Plan for the Development of Tourism in Bali was drawn by the government of Indonesia. The government wanted to make Bali the showcase of Indonesia and to serve as the model of future tourism development for the rest of the country. (1) The plan was financed by the United Nations Development Programme and carried out by the World Bank. A consulting company from France, SCETO, drew up the plans, which called for the development of tourism in the southern peninsula of the island, Nusa Dua, and allowing day- trip excursions to the interior in order to protect the cultural integrity of Bali, the islands main attraction. (2) The plan was to cater to well-to-do tourists from Australia, Japan, Europe and North America. The original government strategy did not produce the expected results. Instead of attracting the well-heeled to luxury hotels and resorts, the island drew many young and budget-conscious travelers,eager to see more f the island than just resort facilities. Consequently, the tourist industry in Bali unintentionally evolved in order to cater to two types of tourism: the package-tour group high-spending tourists on the one hand, and individual low-spending tourists on the other. (3) Locally owned tourist facilities sprung up in Kuta, Ubud, Batur, Lovina and Candi Dasa to cater to the increasing number of budg et travelers. The big, luxury resorts pampering the upper- scale tourists were owned by big multinationals from both Indonesia and abroad. 4) It was not until the 1980s, however, when an oil market collapse forced Indonesia to promote other exports and investments that the expected tourism targets the government anticipated were reached. Moreover, after Garuda Airlines, the Indonesian airline, decided to allow foreign airlines to fly directly into Bali, tourism soared. Tourist arrivals in Bali grew from 30,000 in 1969 to 700,000 in 1989. (5) From 1990 to 1993, these numbers rose from 2. 5 million to 4 million. (6) Balis population in 1992 was about 3 million. 7) The rapid and unplanned tourism development of Bali has had a great impact on its natural environment, affecting water resources, increasing pollution and localized flooding and putting pressure on the islands infrastructure. (8) There has been an increasing generation of waste due to the rising local population and tourist numbers. In the capital Denpasar, for instance, about 20 percent of the solid waste was not collected or disposed of. Instead, it was left in informal landfills, dumped into canals or left on the streets. 9) Other environmental problems due to mass tourism are deterioration of water quality in coastal areas and destruction of coral reefs, which are used in building construction. (10) Hotels have been built along the coast and other areas without regard to the water supply and waste disposal capacity, and many commercial developments do not conform to provincial regulations regarding the protection and integrity of historical and sacred sites. Candi Dasa, which attracts travelers wanting to escape the crowds in Kuta and Sanur, already shows the strains on the environment due to unplanned tourism. The coral reef around the shoreline has been damaged by the villagers who use it for building new guest houses. But as the reef disappeared, beach erosion began. To save what remained of the beach from washing out to sea, a row of monstrous concrete sea walls was built, worsening the erosion and adding an eyesore. (11) Because of this environmental degradation, Candi Dasa is losing tourists, and is well on its way to becoming Balis first tourist ghost town. (12) It is not only the coastal regions that have been affected by tourism development. Many large inland agricultural areas and river basins have been affected as well. There has been a steady loss of agricultural land, in particular the wet irrigated rice fields, or sawahs, because of the increasing urbanization and tourism development. (13) Ubud, the quaint inland artists village, has not been able to escape environmental damage done by tourism. As the town is becoming more popular, the rice paddies around the area are being drained in order to build more guest houses. 14) The best example of the impacts of rapid tourism development in Bali, however, can be seen in the town of Kuta, located on the isthmus south of Denpasar and north of Nusa Dua. Around 1970, before tourism exploded in Bali, Kuta was a small Balinese village of 9,000 people, with little economic or cultural importance in Bali. (15) Most of the population was poor, deriving its income from farming and fishing, although land was not very productive and the income from fishing very sporadic. 16) There we re no restaurants and only two small hotels located in the outskirts of the village. The only potential resource of the village was the beach, although the Balinese had no value for it since it was not productive land and spiritually impure. (17) Although Kuta was by no means targeted by the governments tourism plan of Bali, its location close to the airport, its beach access, inexpensive airfares from nearby Australia, along with the villagers ability to respond to tourists basic needs, allowed it to unintentionally develop into a tourist mecca. By looking at the numbers, it is evident how tourism exploded in such a short period of time. Tourist visitors in Kuta  (18) 1972| 1973| 1974| 1976| 1979| 1980| 6,095| 14,522| 18,010| 14,852| 36,052| 60,325| | | | | | | By 1980, a third of the tourists coming to Bali stayed in Kuta. (19) By 1975 there were more than 100 locally owned hotels and 27 restaurants compared to 2 and none respectively in 1970. (20) This rapid development of Kuta produced many negative effects on the towns environment and infrastructure. Kuta became a polluted, unpleasant, and diminished town. 21) The coral reefs were badly damaged since much of it was sold for the construction of the airport and new roads for Nusa Dua. This was not only a loss of a natural resource, but also caused severe beach erosion of about 2 centimeters a year, and loss of beachfront property during high seas. (22) There were severe trash problems along the beach, much of it from plastic bags and drinking straws. As Hussey points out ,[a]t low tide, the wet sand is now a slick morass of trash, and plastic bags and straws bob on the surface of the murky waters. (23) Tourism development in Bali also has had an adverse effect on some of its wildlife. The Sangeh Monkey Forest, one of the most popular tourist places in Bali, is home to the long-tailed macaque. Unfortunately, bad management of the site and uneducated tourists have caused a twisted relationship between the tourists and the animals. As researcher Meredith Small discovered, these normally gentle and friendly animals had turned into beggars and thieves. The animals stood up on two legs and yanked on clothes. They jumped on people, pulled hair, and rifled pockets. Tourists are warned not to wear glasses, hair ribbons, or handkerchiefs around the monkeys. (24) Food vendors and hawkers contribute to the problem. They encourage tourists to feed the animals. Also stationed near the entrance to a local temple are men who call themselves guides, who sell photos of tourists feeding the monkeys. Small describes the typical scene: As a tourist enters, a guide tags along offering tidbits of information (mostly incorrect) about monkey behavior. At the first sight of a monkey, the guide pulls bits of food out of his pack and puts it on the tourists shoulder. The monkey, of course, leaps up. The animal quietly munches away, and the Polaroid camera flashes. The monkey is then shooed off, often hit, and the guide demands 6,000 rupiah (about $4). (25) The guides also bolster stealing among the animals: when monkeys pilfer a non-edible item, the monkeys are rewarded with bananas or peanuts, which perpetuates the behavior. It is thus clear how uncontrolled tourism can affect animals behavior as well as the natural physical environment. The pressure that tourism has brought to Balis infrastructure and natural resources eventually forced the Indonesian government to impose a freeze on hotel construction in 1991 in order to control growth. (26) The government realized that the poor planning and rapid tourism development that Bali went through could in fact ruin the island s physical and cultural assets that were, and still are, its main attractions. The islands government also decided that Bali needed to diversify its economy in order to avoid dependency on the tourism sector. This policy divided the economy into three areas: agriculture, making up 32 percent of the islands gross domestic product; finance, industry and services, making up 35 percent of the GDP; and tourism, making up 33 percent. (27) By 1991 exports had jumped 17 percent, more than half of the US$ 225 million earned by small companies producing traditional fabrics, garments and handicrafts. (28) In fact, traditional exports from small, labor-intensive industries, such as paintings, batik, silver and wood carvings, have averaged a 20 percent growth. 29) The government is also looking for more balanced tourism development, since the southern part of the island is being strained by increasing tourism. The islands planners have solicited the help of a United Nations agency for planning a more balanced tourism development for the rest of the island, emphasizing cultural integrity and the environment. Part of the plan includes encouraging the Balinese to lease instead of selling their land to de velopers, and to assume new policies that increase awareness of the need to avoid commercialism of the culture . . . (30)